Parallel comparison of T cell and B cell subpopulations of adenoid hypertrophy and tonsil hypertrophy of children

Zihui Yu, Ziying Xu, Tongtong Fu, Shiyu Liu, Jinghua Cui, Bing Zhang, Jieqiong Liang, Chong Pang, Yuehua Ke, Ruikun Wang, Zhijie Tang, Yagang Gao, Bing Du, Yanling Feng, Hanqing Zhao, Guanhua Xue, Chao Yan, Lin Gan, Junxia Feng, Zheng Fan, Yang Yang, Lijuan Huang, Shuo Zhao, Sun Ying, Qinglong Gu () and Jing Yuan ()
Additional contact information
Zihui Yu: Capital Institute of Pediatrics
Ziying Xu: Capital Institute of Pediatrics
Tongtong Fu: Capital Institute of Pediatrics
Shiyu Liu: Capital Institute of Pediatrics
Jinghua Cui: Capital Institute of Pediatrics
Bing Zhang: Capital Center For Children’s Health, Capital Medical University
Jieqiong Liang: Capital Center For Children’s Health, Capital Medical University
Chong Pang: Capital Center For Children’s Health, Capital Medical University
Yuehua Ke: Capital Institute of Pediatrics
Ruikun Wang: Capital Institute of Pediatrics
Zhijie Tang: Capital Institute of Pediatrics
Yagang Gao: Capital Institute of Pediatrics
Bing Du: Capital Institute of Pediatrics
Yanling Feng: Capital Institute of Pediatrics
Hanqing Zhao: Capital Institute of Pediatrics
Guanhua Xue: Capital Institute of Pediatrics
Chao Yan: Capital Institute of Pediatrics
Lin Gan: Capital Institute of Pediatrics
Junxia Feng: Capital Institute of Pediatrics
Zheng Fan: Capital Institute of Pediatrics
Yang Yang: Capital Institute of Pediatrics
Lijuan Huang: Capital Institute of Pediatrics
Shuo Zhao: Capital Institute of Pediatrics
Sun Ying: Capital Medical University
Qinglong Gu: Capital Center For Children’s Health, Capital Medical University
Jing Yuan: Capital Institute of Pediatrics

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-19

Abstract: Abstract The adenoids and tonsils are important immune organs of the nasopharynx that often become hypertrophic in childhood because of recurrent pathogen infection. However, the differences in the immune microenvironment of adenoid hypertrophy (AH) and tonsil hypertrophy (TH) are unclear. Here, we show the epidemiological characteristics and peripheral blood cell indices of 1209 pediatric patients (1–15 years old) diagnosed with AH, and find that AH is often accompanied by TH and characterized by specific changes in immune cell types. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis show that 12 paired AH and TH samples contain large numbers of B, T cells and some exhausted effector memory CD4+ T cells. Compared with matched TH, AH have more naïve B cells and regulatory CD4+ T cells and less plasma B cells. Weaker antigen presentation and more significant immunosuppression are also observed in AH. In contrast, the number and cytotoxicity of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells decrease with AH grade. These findings will help our understanding of the immune response to nasopharyngeal infection.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-58094-w

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