Ultra-high energy storage in lead-free NaNbO3-based relaxor ceramics with directional slush-like polar structures design

Zhentao Wang, Da Li, Wenyuan Liu, Liqiang He (), Diming Xu (), Jinnan Liu, Jiajia Ren, Xin Wang, Yang Liu, Guoqiang He, Jian Bao, Zhen Fang, Guiwei Yan, Xu Liang, Tao Zhou, Weichen Zhao (), Wenfeng Liu, Dong Wang () and Di Zhou ()
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Zhentao Wang: Xi’an Jiaotong University
Da Li: Xi’an Jiaotong University
Wenyuan Liu: Xi’an Jiaotong University
Liqiang He: Xi’an Jiaotong University
Diming Xu: Xi’an Jiaotong University
Jinnan Liu: Xi’an Jiaotong University
Jiajia Ren: Xi’an Jiaotong University
Xin Wang: Xi’an Jiaotong University
Yang Liu: Xi’an Jiaotong University
Guoqiang He: Xi’an Jiaotong University
Jian Bao: Xi’an Jiaotong University
Zhen Fang: Xi’an Jiaotong University
Guiwei Yan: Xi’an Jiaotong University
Xu Liang: Xi’an Jiaotong University
Tao Zhou: Hangzhou Dianzi University
Weichen Zhao: Xi’an Jiaotong University
Wenfeng Liu: Xi’an Jiaotong University
Dong Wang: Xi’an Jiaotong University
Di Zhou: Xi’an Jiaotong University

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-9

Abstract: Abstract Multilayer ceramic capacitors with ultra-high-power densities are widely used in electronic power systems. However, achieving a balance between high energy density and efficiency remains a substantial challenge that limits the practical application of advanced technologies. Here, guided by a phase-field simulation method, we propose a directional slush-like polar structure design with nanodomains embedded in polar orthorhombic matrix in NaNbO3-based lead-free multilayer ceramic capacitors. This strategy can effectively reduce the hysteresis loss by lowering domain size and improve the breakdown electric field by grain refining, which leads to a high energy storage density of 14.1 J▪cm−3 and an ultrahigh energy storage efficiency of 96.8% in multilayer ceramic capacitors. The proposed strategy can be utilized to design high-performance energy storage dielectrics and other related functionalities.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-58268-6

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