Synergistic immobilization of ions in mixed tin-lead and all-perovskite tandem solar cells

Yuhui Liu, Tianshu Ma, Changlei Wang (), Zhenhai Yang (), Yue Zhao, Zhanghao Wu, Chen Chen, Yining Bao, Yuhang Zhai, Tianci Jia, Cong Chen, Dewei Zhao () and Xiaofeng Li ()
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Yuhui Liu: Soochow University
Tianshu Ma: Soochow University
Changlei Wang: Soochow University
Zhenhai Yang: Soochow University
Yue Zhao: Soochow University
Zhanghao Wu: Soochow University
Chen Chen: Soochow University
Yining Bao: Soochow University
Yuhang Zhai: Soochow University
Tianci Jia: Soochow University
Cong Chen: Sichuan University
Dewei Zhao: Sichuan University
Xiaofeng Li: Soochow University

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-10

Abstract: Abstract Low-bandgap (LBG) mixed tin-lead (Sn−Pb) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) suffer from inferior performance due to their high defect density. Conventionally, ethylenediammonium diiodide (EDADI) is used as a surface passivator to reduce defects and improve device photovoltaic performance, but it introduces severe hysteresis caused by excessive mobilized ions at the top interface. Here, we report a mobile ion suppressing strategy of using hydrazine monohydrochloride (HM) as a bulk passivator to anchor the free ions in LBG perovskites. The protonated hydrazine (N2H5+) of HM formed hydrogen bonds with iodine (I–) ions, while the chloride (Cl–) ions occupied the I– vacancies, collectively impeding the migration of I– and thus mitigating the ion movement-induced hysteresis that arose from EDADI usage. The synergistic strategy of HM doping and EDADI post-treatment significantly suppresses the oxidation of Sn2+, decreases trap density, and inhibits rapid crystallization of perovskite. Consequently, we achieved a champion efficiency of 23.21% for LBG PSCs. Integrating these cells with wide-bandgap PSCs into all-perovskite tandem solar cells yields a high efficiency of 28.55% (certified 28.31%) with negligible hysteresis.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-58810-6

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