Manipulation of lithium dendrites based on electric field relaxation enabling safe and long-life lithium-ion batteries

Xuebing Han (), Shuoyuan Mao (), Yu Wang (), Yao Lu, Depeng Wang, Yukun Sun, Yuejiu Zheng (), Xuning Feng, Languang Lu, Jianfeng Hua and Minggao Ouyang ()
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Xuebing Han: Tsinghua University
Shuoyuan Mao: Tsinghua University
Yu Wang: Tsinghua University
Yao Lu: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Depeng Wang: Ltd.
Yukun Sun: Ltd.
Yuejiu Zheng: University of Shanghai for Science and Technology
Xuning Feng: Tsinghua University
Languang Lu: Tsinghua University
Jianfeng Hua: Ltd.
Minggao Ouyang: Tsinghua University

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-11

Abstract: Abstract Lithium dendrites, with their high reactivity, pose a critical challenge to the safety and longevity of lithium-based batteries. Effective regulation strategies are crucial for mitigating battery degradation and enhancing reliability. Conventional approaches, such as relaxation following lithium plating or regulated discharging, often fail to simultaneously address the formation of solid electrolyte interface and isolated lithium. Here, we demonstrate that rational utilization of electric field relaxation following dendrite growth can reduce defective solid electrolyte interface and isolated lithium by balancing solid electrolyte interface growth and dendrite morphology smoothing near the relaxation time constant. Building upon the mechanism, we propose a short-term relaxation method to manipulate lithium plating, which achieves an enhancement of capacity retention from 80% up to 95% at 3 C-rate (20 min) fast-charging on commercial batteries. These findings highlight the importance of relaxation after dendrites formation for safe, long-life and fast-charging batteries, particularly where dendrite growth is the limiting factor.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-58818-y

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