Ring opening of donor-acceptor-type cyclopropene unveils electrophilic ketene with vinylogous [4 C + n] periselective cyclization mode

Jianhong Huang, Jiahang Li, Shenli Liu, Wanyao Zhao, Yan Xia, Xiaoyan Liu, Kuizhan Shao, Wenliang Li, Haiyan Yuan () and Jinbo Zhao ()
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Jianhong Huang: Changchun University of Technology
Jiahang Li: Changchun University of Technology
Shenli Liu: Changchun University of Technology
Wanyao Zhao: Changchun University of Technology
Yan Xia: Changchun University of Technology
Xiaoyan Liu: Changchun University of Technology
Kuizhan Shao: Northeast Normal University
Wenliang Li: Northeast Normal University
Haiyan Yuan: Northeast Normal University
Jinbo Zhao: Changchun University of Technology

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-11

Abstract: Abstract Since its advent 120 years ago, the [2+n] coupling cyclization of ketene has been prevalently used for the synthesis of N- and O-heterocycles. In contrast, its vinylogous version, i.e., use of alkenyl ketene as 4 C synthon, remain elusive. We report herein that in the rare SN1-type ring-opening of electron-deficient cyclopropene, the initially formed sp2-carbocation-containing zwitterionic intermediate undergoes facile 1,4-alkoxy migration to generate a functionalized alkenyl ketene. This electrophilic intermediate not only allows for challenging N-nucleophiles to be engaged in the conventional ketene [2+n] reactions (n = 1 ~ 3), also unveiled the vinylogous [4+n] cyclization mode, as exemplified by the [4 + 1] and formal [4 + 4] cyclization to construct pyrrolidinone and azocine frameworks. The protocol offers a unified entry to a distinct class of lactam scaffolds that exhibit anti-cancer potential, constituent key natural product scaffold and display interesting 1e- and 2e- reactivities. This work reveals a broader synthetic potential of the facile SN1 type ring-opening of cyclopropene as “dehydro”-donor-acceptor cyclopropane (DDAC) substrate, and could have ramifications in ketene chemistry, N-heterocyclic chemistry and related medicinal research, as well as the donor-acceptor system chemistry.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-59048-y

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