Stretchable all-gel organic electrochemical transistors

Linlin Lu, Xu Liu, Puzhong Gu, Zhenyu Hu, Xing Liang, Zhiying Deng, Zejun Sun, Xiaoyu Zhang, Xiao Yang, Jie Yang (), Guoqing Zu () and Jia Huang ()
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Linlin Lu: Tongji University
Xu Liu: Tongji University
Puzhong Gu: Tongji University
Zhenyu Hu: Tongji University
Xing Liang: Tongji University
Zhiying Deng: Tongji University
Zejun Sun: Tongji University
Xiaoyu Zhang: Tongji University
Xiao Yang: Tongji University
Jie Yang: Tongji University
Guoqing Zu: Tongji University
Jia Huang: Tongji University

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-14

Abstract: Abstract Stretchable organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are promising for flexible electronics. However, the balance between stretchability and electrical properties is a great challenge for OECTs. Here, high-performance stretchable all-gel OECTs based on semiconducting polymer gel active layers and poly(ionic liquid) ionogel electrolytes are developed. The all-gel network structures effectively promote ion penetration/transport and endows the OECTs with high stretchability. The resulting OECTs exhibit an excellent combination of ultra-high transconductance of 86.4 mS, on/off ratio of 1.2 × 105, stretchability up to 50%, and high stretching stability up to 10000 cycles under 30% strain. We demonstrate that the all-gel OECTs can be used as stretchable pressure-sensitive electronic skins with a low detection limit for tactile perception of robotic hands. In addition, the all-gel OECTs can be applied as stretchable artificial synapses for neuromorphic simulation and highly sensitive stretchable gas sensors for simulating olfactory perception process and monitoring food quality. This work provides a general all-gel strategy toward high-performance flexible electronics.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-59240-0

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