Exploring techno-economic landscapes of abatement options for hard-to-electrify sectors

Clara Bachorz (), Philipp C. Verpoort, Gunnar Luderer and Falko Ueckerdt
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Clara Bachorz: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
Philipp C. Verpoort: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
Gunnar Luderer: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
Falko Ueckerdt: Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-14

Abstract: Abstract Approximately 20% of global CO2 emissions originate from sectors often labeled as hard-to-abate, which are challenging or impossible to electrify. Alternative abatement options are necessary for these sectors but face critical bottlenecks, particularly concerning the availability and cost of low-emission hydrogen, carbon capture and storage, and non-fossil CO2 for synthetic fuels or carbon-dioxide removal. In this study, we conduct a broad techno-economic analysis, mapping abatement options and hard-to-electrify sectors while addressing associated technological uncertainties. Our findings reveal a diverse mitigation landscape that can be categorized into three tiers, based on the abatement cost and technologies required. By requiring long-term climate neutrality through simple conditions, the mitigation landscape narrows substantially, with single options dominating each sector. This clarity justifies targeted political support for sector-specific abatement options, increasing investment security for transforming hard-to-electrify sectors.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-59277-1

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