Unified differentiable learning of electric response

Stefano Falletta (), Andrea Cepellotti, Anders Johansson, Chuin Wei Tan, Marc L. Descoteaux, Albert Musaelian, Cameron J. Owen and Boris Kozinsky ()
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Stefano Falletta: Harvard University
Andrea Cepellotti: Harvard University
Anders Johansson: Harvard University
Chuin Wei Tan: Harvard University
Marc L. Descoteaux: Harvard University
Albert Musaelian: Harvard University
Cameron J. Owen: Harvard University
Boris Kozinsky: Harvard University

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-12

Abstract: Abstract Predicting response of materials to external stimuli is a primary objective of computational materials science. However, current methods are limited to small-scale simulations due to the unfavorable scaling of computational costs. Here, we implement an equivariant machine-learning framework where response properties stem from exact differential relationships between a generalized potential function and applied external fields. Focusing on responses to electric fields, the method predicts electric enthalpy, forces, polarization, Born charges, and polarizability within a unified model enforcing the full set of exact physical constraints, symmetries and conservation laws. Through application to α−SiO2, we demonstrate that our approach can be used for predicting vibrational and dielectric properties of materials, and for conducting large-scale dynamics under arbitrary electric fields at unprecedented accuracy and scale. We apply our method to ferroelectric BaTiO3 and capture the temperature dependence, frequency dependence, and time evolution of the ferroelectric hysteresis, revealing the underlying intrinsic mechanisms of nucleation and growth that govern ferroelectric domain switching.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-59304-1

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