Self-cleaning Spiro-OMeTAD via multimetal doping for perovskite photovoltaics

Sisi Wang, Shaochen Zhang, Xiaohuo Shi, Canglang Yao, Donger Jin, Danyu Gu, Yinjuan Chen, Jiazhe Xu, Jingjing Xue and Rui Wang ()
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Sisi Wang: Westlake University
Shaochen Zhang: Westlake University
Xiaohuo Shi: Westlake University
Canglang Yao: Fudan University
Donger Jin: Zhejiang University
Danyu Gu: Westlake University
Yinjuan Chen: Westlake University
Jiazhe Xu: Westlake University
Jingjing Xue: Zhejiang University
Rui Wang: Westlake University

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-10

Abstract: Abstract Record power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are usually achieved using organic spiro-OMeTAD. However, conventional doping with hygroscopic dopants (LiTFSI and tBP) leads to compromised device stability. We introduce a synergistic mixed doping strategy that utilizes a combination of metal-TFSI dopants—LiTFSI, KTFSI, NaTFSI, Ca(TFSI)2, and Mg(TFSI)2—to enhance doping efficiency while effectively removing hygroscopic contaminants from the Spiro-OMeTAD solution. This approach achieves PCEs exceeding 25% and significantly improves stability under harsh environmental conditions. Notably, Ca(TFSI)2 and Mg(TFSI)2 facilitate enhanced oxidative doping, while NaTFSI promotes interstitial doping in the bulk perovskite. Additionally, KTFSI serves as a catalytic agent, lowering the reaction energy barrier for the other dopants, thereby accelerating spiro-OMeTAD ion radical production. These findings underscore the potential of synergistic doping in optimizing the performance and longevity of photovoltaic devices.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-59350-9

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