Stoichiometry-engineered phase transition in a two-dimensional binary compound

Mengting Huang, Ze Hua, Roger Guzman, Zhihui Ren, Pingfan Gu, Shiqi Yang, Hui Chen, Decheng Zhang, Yiming Ding, Yu Ye, Caizhen Li, Yuan Huang (), Ruiwen Shao (), Wu Zhou (), Xiaolong Xu () and Yeliang Wang ()
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Mengting Huang: Beijing Institute of Technology
Ze Hua: Beijing Institute of Technology
Roger Guzman: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
Zhihui Ren: Beijing Institute of Technology
Pingfan Gu: Peking University
Shiqi Yang: Peking University
Hui Chen: Beijing Institute of Technology
Decheng Zhang: Beijing Institute of Technology
Yiming Ding: Beijing Institute of Technology
Yu Ye: Peking University
Caizhen Li: Beijing Institute of Technology
Yuan Huang: Beijing Institute of Technology
Ruiwen Shao: Beijing Institute of Technology
Wu Zhou: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
Xiaolong Xu: Beijing Institute of Technology
Yeliang Wang: Beijing Institute of Technology

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-10

Abstract: Abstract Due to complex thermodynamic and kinetic mechanism, phase engineering in nanomaterials is often limited by restricted phases and small-scale synthesis, hindering material diversity and scalability. Here, we demonstrate the exploration to unlock the stoichiometry as a degree of freedom for phase engineering in the Pd-Te binary compound. By reducing diffusion rates, we effectively engineer the stoichiometry of the reactants. We visualize the kinetic process, showing the stoichiometry transition from Pd10Te3 to PdTe2 through a sequential multi-step nucleation process. In total, five distinct phases are identified, demonstrating the potential to enhance phase diversity by fine-tuning stoichiometry. By controlling spatially uniform nucleation and halting the phase transition at precise points, we achieve stoichiometry-controllable wafer-scale growth. Notably, four of these phases exhibit superconducting properties. Our findings offer insights into the mechanism of phase transition through stoichiometry engineering, enabling the expansion of the phase library in nanomaterials and advancing scalable applications.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-59429-3

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