Laser interferometry for high-speed railway health inspection using telecom fiber along the line

Guan Wang, Dongqi Song, Zhongwang Pang, Fangmin Wang, Hongfei Dai, Wenlin Li and Bo Wang ()
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Guan Wang: Tsinghua University
Dongqi Song: Tsinghua University
Zhongwang Pang: Tsinghua University
Fangmin Wang: Tsinghua University
Hongfei Dai: Tsinghua University
Wenlin Li: Tsinghua University
Bo Wang: Tsinghua University

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-12

Abstract: Abstract The health inspection of widespread high-speed railway network is crucial to maintain the regular transportation, particularly as the velocity of high-speed trains continues to escalate. To narrow the long inspection period of current track recording vehicle method, we have implemented a laser interferometer sensing system to turn those existing fiber cables within high-speed railway cable ducts into effective sensing elements. Based on the distributed vibration sensing of daily passing trains, an average power spectrum density indicator is used to assess the health of high-speed railway infrastructures. During the observation over one year, average power spectrum densities of 4 typical infrastructures remain stable, indicating their robust health despite challenging environmental conditions. To demonstrate the sensitivity of average power spectrum density indicator on railway faults, we analyze the sensing results of a rail section before and after track maintenance, which shows distinctive average power spectrum density features corresponding to different levels of creep deformation. Additionally, the sensing system can also report other ambient vibrations, such as seismic waves after propagation of over 300 km. It demonstrates the fiber sensing system not only has the ability to act as a real-time supplementary tool for high-speed railway health inspection, but also has potential to establish a large sensing network.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-59507-6

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