A Programmable Wafer-scale Chiroptical Heterostructure of Twisted Aligned Carbon Nanotubes and Phase Change Materials

Jichao Fan, Ruiyang Chen, Minhan Lou, Haoyu Xie, Nina Hong, Benjamin Hillam, Jacques Doumani, Yingheng Tang and Weilu Gao ()
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Jichao Fan: The University of Utah
Ruiyang Chen: The University of Utah
Minhan Lou: The University of Utah
Haoyu Xie: The University of Utah
Nina Hong: Inc.
Benjamin Hillam: The University of Utah
Jacques Doumani: The University of Utah
Yingheng Tang: The University of Utah
Weilu Gao: The University of Utah

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-12

Abstract: Abstract The ability to design and dynamically control chiroptical responses in solid-state matter at a wafer scale enables new opportunities in various areas. Here, we present a full stack of computer-aided designs and experimental implementations of a dynamically programmable, unified, scalable chiroptical heterostructure containing wafer-scale twisted aligned one-dimensional carbon nanotubes and non-volatile phase change materials. We develop a software infrastructure based on high-performance machine learning frameworks, including differentiable programming and derivative-free optimization, to efficiently optimize the tunability of both reciprocal and nonreciprocal circular dichroism responses, which are experimentally validated. Further, we demonstrate the heterostructure scalability regarding stacking layers and the dual roles of aligned carbon nanotubes - the layer to produce chiroptical responses and the Joule heating electrode to electrically program phase change materials. This heterostructure platform is versatile and expandable to a library of one-dimensional nanomaterials, phase change materials, and electro-optic materials for exploring novel chiral phenomena and photonic and optoelectronic devices.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-59600-w

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