Chromosome fusions shaped karyotype evolution and evolutionary relationships in the model family Brassicaceae

Xinyao Jiang, Quanjun Hu, Dong Mei, Xiaonan Li, Ling Xiang, Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz, Xiaoming Song, Jianquan Liu (), Martin A. Lysak () and Pengchuan Sun ()
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Xinyao Jiang: Sichuan University
Quanjun Hu: Sichuan University
Dong Mei: Sichuan University
Xiaonan Li: Sichuan University
Ling Xiang: Sichuan University
Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz: Missouri Botanical Garden
Xiaoming Song: North China University of Science and Technology
Jianquan Liu: Sichuan University
Martin A. Lysak: Masaryk University
Pengchuan Sun: Sichuan University

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-10

Abstract: Abstract The ancestral crucifer karyotype and 22 conserved genomic blocks (CGBs) facilitate phylogenomic analyses in the Brassicaceae. Chromosomal rearrangements reshuffled CGBs of ancestral chromosomes during karyotype evolution. Here, we identify eight protochromosomes representing the common ancestral karyotype (ACBK) of the two Brassicoideae supertribes: Camelinodae (Lineage I) and Brassicodae (Lineage II). The characterization of multiple cascading fusion events allows us to infer evolutionary relationships based on these events. In the Camelinodae, the ACBK first evolved into the AKI genome, which remained conserved in the Cardamineae, whereas it was altered to tAKI by a reciprocal translocation that preceded the diversification of most Camelinodae tribes. The identified fusion breakpoints largely overlap with CGB boundaries, suggesting that CGBs are mainly disrupted by chromosome fusions. Our results demonstrate the stable inheritance of chromosome fusions and their importance for reconstructing evolutionary relationships. The chromosomal breakpoint approach provides a basis for ancestral state reconstruction based on chromosome-level genome assemblies.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-59640-2

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