Observation of Genuine High-dimensional Multi-partite Non-locality in Entangled Photon States

Xiao-Min Hu, Cen-Xiao Huang, Nicola d’Alessandro, Gabriele Cobucci, Chao Zhang, Yu Guo, Yun-Feng Huang, Chuan-Feng Li, Guang-Can Guo, Xiaoqin Gao, Marcus Huber, Armin Tavakoli () and Bi-Heng Liu ()
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Xiao-Min Hu: University of Science and Technology of China
Cen-Xiao Huang: University of Science and Technology of China
Nicola d’Alessandro: Lund University
Gabriele Cobucci: Lund University
Chao Zhang: University of Science and Technology of China
Yu Guo: University of Science and Technology of China
Yun-Feng Huang: University of Science and Technology of China
Chuan-Feng Li: University of Science and Technology of China
Guang-Can Guo: University of Science and Technology of China
Xiaoqin Gao: Nanjing University
Marcus Huber: Technische Universität Wien
Armin Tavakoli: Lund University
Bi-Heng Liu: University of Science and Technology of China

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-7

Abstract: Abstract Quantum information science has leaped forward with the exploration of high-dimensional quantum systems, offering greater potential than traditional qubits in quantum communication and quantum computing. To advance the field of high-dimensional quantum technology, a significant effort is underway to progressively enhance the entanglement dimension between two particles. An alternative effective strategy involves not only increasing the dimensionality but also expanding the number of particles that are entangled. We present an experimental study demonstrating multi-partite quantum non-locality beyond qubit constraints, thus moving into the realm of strongly entangled high-dimensional multi-particle quantum systems. In the experiment, quantum states were encoded in the path degree of freedom (DoF) and controlled via polarization, enabling efficient operations in a two-dimensional plane to prepare three- and four-particle Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states in three-level systems. Our experimental results reveal ways in which high-dimensional systems can surpass qubits in terms of violating local-hidden-variable theories. Our realization of multiple complex and high-quality entanglement technologies is an important primary step for more complex quantum computing and communication protocols.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-59717-y

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