3D structure and dynamics of Campi Flegrei enhance multi-hazard assessment

G. Landro, T. Vanorio, T. Muzellec, G. Russo, A. Lomax, J. Virieux and A. Zollo ()
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G. Landro: University of Naples ‘Federico II’
T. Vanorio: Stanford University
T. Muzellec: University of Naples ‘Federico II’
G. Russo: University of Naples ‘Federico II’
A. Lomax: ALomax Scientific
J. Virieux: Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS
A. Zollo: University of Naples ‘Federico II’

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-12

Abstract: Abstract Campi Flegrei is an active caldera in a populated area, currently experiencing significant ground uplift and seismicity. Leveraging seismicity relocations, here we obtain high resolution, 3D P- and S-wave seismic images which we combine with a tailored rock physics experiment to define key features of the caldera’s structure: gas-rich reservoir below 2 km depth, deformed caprock at 1–2 km depth, and basement below 3.5 km depth. Seismicity migrates downwards from the caprock and changes in stress loading trigger deeper, higher events along the inner-caldera boundary faults. The reservoir closely correlates the area of maximum uplift, where deformation acceleration due to pore-fluid pressure is corroborated by laboratory experiments using site-relevant rock. The interaction between the pressurized gas-reservoir and the confining caprock drives the ground uplift. Our results indicate that seismic activity and the potential for a phreatic explosion should be considered as plausible scenarios, prompting a re-evaluation of the hazard assessment.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-59821-z

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