Quantum computing universal thermalization dynamics in a (2 + 1)D Lattice Gauge Theory

Niklas Mueller (), Tianyi Wang, Or Katz, Zohreh Davoudi and Marko Cetina
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Niklas Mueller: Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico
Tianyi Wang: Duke University
Or Katz: Duke University
Zohreh Davoudi: University of Maryland, College Park
Marko Cetina: Duke University

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-13

Abstract: Abstract Simulating non-equilibrium phenomena in strongly-interacting quantum many-body systems, including thermalization, is a promising application of near-term and future quantum computation. By performing experiments on a digital quantum computer consisting of fully-connected optically-controlled trapped ions, we study the role of entanglement in the thermalization dynamics of a Z2 lattice gauge theory in 2+1 spacetime dimensions. Using randomized-measurement protocols, we efficiently learn a classical approximation of non-equilibrium states that yields the gap-ratio distribution and the spectral form factor of the entanglement Hamiltonian. These observables exhibit universal early-time signals for quantum chaos, a prerequisite for thermalization. Our work, therefore, establishes quantum computers as robust tools for studying universal features of thermalization in complex many-body systems, including in gauge theories.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-60177-7

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