Deterministic generation of two-dimensional multi-photon cluster states

James O’Sullivan (), Kevin Reuer (), Aleksandr Grigorev, Xi Dai, Alonso Hernández-Antón, Manuel H. Muñoz-Arias, Christoph Hellings, Alexander Flasby, Dante Colao Zanuz, Jean-Claude Besse, Alexandre Blais, Daniel Malz, Christopher Eichler and Andreas Wallraff ()
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James O’Sullivan: ETH Zurich
Kevin Reuer: ETH Zurich
Aleksandr Grigorev: ETH Zurich
Xi Dai: ETH Zurich
Alonso Hernández-Antón: ETH Zurich
Manuel H. Muñoz-Arias: Université de Sherbrooke
Christoph Hellings: ETH Zurich
Alexander Flasby: ETH Zurich
Dante Colao Zanuz: ETH Zurich
Jean-Claude Besse: ETH Zurich
Alexandre Blais: Université de Sherbrooke
Daniel Malz: University of Copenhagen
Christopher Eichler: ETH Zurich
Andreas Wallraff: ETH Zurich

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-7

Abstract: Abstract Multidimensional cluster states are a key resource for robust quantum communication, measurement-based quantum computing and quantum metrology. Here, we present a device capable of emitting large-scale entangled microwave photonic states in a two dimensional ladder structure. The device consists of a pair of coupled superconducting transmon qubits which are each tuneably coupled to a common output waveguide. This architecture permits entanglement between each transmon and a deterministically emitted photonic qubit. By interleaving two-qubit gates with controlled photon emission, we generate 2 × n grids of time- and frequency-multiplexed cluster states of itinerant microwave photons. We generate states with fidelities above 0.50 for up to eight qubits and, in addition, observe nonzero localizable entanglement for states of up to 16 qubits. We expect the device architecture to be capable of generating a wide range of other tensor network states such as tree graph states, repeater states or the ground state of the toric code, and to be readily scalable to generate larger and higher dimensional states.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-60472-3

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