Optical imaging of flavor order in flat band graphene

Tian Xie, Tobias M. Wolf, Siyuan Xu, Zhiyuan Cui, Richen Xiong, Yunbo Ou, Patrick Hays, Ludwig F. Holleis, Yi Guo, Owen I. Sheekey, Caitlin Patterson, Trevor Arp, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Seth Ariel Tongay, Andrea F. Young, Allan H. MacDonald () and Chenhao Jin ()
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Tian Xie: University of California at Santa Barbara
Tobias M. Wolf: University of Texas at Austin
Siyuan Xu: University of California at Santa Barbara
Zhiyuan Cui: University of California at Santa Barbara
Richen Xiong: University of California at Santa Barbara
Yunbo Ou: Arizona State University
Patrick Hays: Arizona State University
Ludwig F. Holleis: University of California at Santa Barbara
Yi Guo: University of California at Santa Barbara
Owen I. Sheekey: University of California at Santa Barbara
Caitlin Patterson: University of California at Santa Barbara
Trevor Arp: University of California at Santa Barbara
Kenji Watanabe: National Institute for Materials Science
Takashi Taniguchi: National Institute for Materials Science
Seth Ariel Tongay: Arizona State University
Andrea F. Young: University of California at Santa Barbara
Allan H. MacDonald: University of Texas at Austin
Chenhao Jin: University of California at Santa Barbara

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-9

Abstract: Abstract Spin- and valley flavor polarization plays a central role in the many-body physics of flat band graphene, with Fermi surface reconstruction — often accompanied by quantized anomalous Hall and superconducting state — observed in a variety of experimental systems. Here we describe an optical technique that sensitively and selectively detects flavor textures via the exciton response of a proximal transition metal dichalcogenide layer. Through a systematic study of rhombohedral and rotationally faulted graphene bilayers and trilayers, we show that when the semiconducting dichalcogenide is in direct contact with the graphene, the exciton response is most sensitive to the large momentum rearrangement of the Fermi surface, providing information that is distinct from and complementary to electrical compressibility measurements. The wide-field imaging capability of optical probes allows us to obtain spatial maps of flavor order with high throughput, and with broad temperature and device compatibility. Our work helps pave the way for optical probing and imaging of flavor orders in flat band graphene systems.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-60675-8

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