Spontaneously formed phonon frequency combs in van der Waals solid CrGeTe3 and CrSiTe3

Lebing Chen (), Gaihua Ye, Cynthia Nnokwe, Xing-Chen Pan, Katsumi Tanigaki, Guanghui Cheng, Yong P. Chen, Jiaqiang Yan, David G. Mandrus, Andres E. Llacsahuanga Allcca, Nathan Giles-Donovan, Robert J. Birgeneau () and Rui He ()
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Lebing Chen: University of California
Gaihua Ye: Texas Tech University
Cynthia Nnokwe: Texas Tech University
Xing-Chen Pan: Tohoku University
Katsumi Tanigaki: Tohoku University
Guanghui Cheng: Tohoku University
Yong P. Chen: Tohoku University
Jiaqiang Yan: University of Tennessee
David G. Mandrus: University of Tennessee
Andres E. Llacsahuanga Allcca: Purdue University
Nathan Giles-Donovan: University of California
Robert J. Birgeneau: University of California
Rui He: Texas Tech University

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-8

Abstract: Abstract Optical phonon engineering through nonlinear effects has been utilized in ultrafast control of material properties. However, nonlinear optical phonons typically exhibit rapid decay due to strong mode-mode couplings, limiting their effectiveness in temperature or frequency sensitive applications. Here we report the observation of long-lived nonlinear optical phonons through the spontaneous formation of phonon frequency combs in the van der Waals material CrXTe3 (X=Ge, Si) using high-resolution Raman scattering. Unlike conventional optical phonons, the highest Ag mode in CrGeTe3 splits into equidistant, sharp peaks forming a frequency comb that persists for hundreds of oscillations and survives up to 200K. These modes correspond to localized oscillations of Ge2Te6 clusters, isolated from Cr hexagons, behaving as independent quantum oscillators. Introducing a cubic nonlinear term to the harmonic oscillator model, we simulate the phonon time evolution and successfully replicate the observed comb structure. Similar frequency comb behavior is observed in CrSiTe3, demonstrating the generalizability of this phenomenon. Our findings demonstrate that Raman scattering effectively probes high-frequency nonlinear phonon modes, offering insight into the generation of long-lived, tunable phonon frequency combs with potential applications in ultrafast material control and phonon-based technologies.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-61173-7

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