LLM-generated messages can persuade humans on policy issues

Hui Bai (), Jan G. Voelkel, Shane Muldowney, Johannes C. Eichstaedt and Robb Willer ()
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Hui Bai: Stanford University
Jan G. Voelkel: Stanford University
Shane Muldowney: Stanford University
Johannes C. Eichstaedt: Stanford University
Robb Willer: Stanford University

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-12

Abstract: Abstract The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has made it possible for generative artificial intelligence (AI) to tackle many higher-order cognitive tasks, with critical implications for industry, government, and labor markets. Here, we investigate whether existing, openly-available LLMs can be used to create messages capable of influencing humans’ political attitudes. Across three pre-registered experiments (total N = 4829), participants who read persuasive messages generated by LLMs showed significantly more attitude change across a range of policies - including polarized policies, like an assault weapons ban, a carbon tax, and a paid parental-leave program - relative to control condition participants who read a neutral message. Overall, LLM-generated messages were similarly effective in influencing policy attitudes as messages crafted by lay humans. Participants’ reported perceptions of the authors of the persuasive messages suggest these effects occurred through somewhat distinct causal pathways. While the persuasiveness of LLM-generated messages was associated with perceptions that the author used more facts, evidence, logical reasoning, and a dispassionate voice, the persuasiveness of human-generated messages was associated with perceptions of the author as unique and original. These results demonstrate that recent developments in AI make it possible to create politically persuasive messages quickly, cheaply, and at massive scale.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-61345-5

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