Magmatic underplating and crustal intrusions accommodate extension during Red Sea continental rifting

Alessio Sanfilippo, Marco Ligi (), Riccardo Avanzinelli, Valentin Basch, Alessandro Bragagni, Alessandro Decarlis, Hervé Guillou, Sébastien Nomade, Najeeb Rasul, Luigi Vigliotti and Sandro Conticelli
Additional contact information
Alessio Sanfilippo: Via Ferrata 1
Marco Ligi: Via Gobetti 101
Riccardo Avanzinelli: 4
Valentin Basch: Via Ferrata 1
Alessandro Bragagni: Via Gobetti 101
Alessandro Decarlis: Piazza Università 1
Hervé Guillou: IPSL and Université de Paris-Saclay
Sébastien Nomade: IPSL and Université de Paris-Saclay
Najeeb Rasul: Geological and Geophysical Research Systems
Luigi Vigliotti: Via Gobetti 101
Sandro Conticelli: 4

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-12

Abstract: Abstract Magmatism’s role in continental rupture and ocean formation remains a critical question in Earth Sciences. The Red Sea, where Arabia is rifting from Nubia, offers an ideal setting to explore this process. This study analyses geochemical and isotopic data from gabbros and basaltic dikes in the Tihama Asir complex, formed during early Red Sea rifting (Late Oligocene). The results show that asthenospheric melts assimilated ancient lower crust before rising into shallow magma chambers with minimal upper crustal contamination. Rising asthenosphere driven by the Afar plume and by extensional stresses thermally weakened the lower crust, allowing it to decouple from the mantle, causing depth-dependent deformation. The generated asthenospheric melts underplated and intruded the thinning continental crust protracting continental rifting by re-thickening of the crust and accommodating extension. This study provides the evidence of tholeiitic underplating beneath thick continental crust during early rifting, substantially postponing the onset of seafloor spreading.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-61598-0

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