A hyperfine-transition-referenced vector spectrum analyzer for visible-light integrated photonics

Baoqi Shi, Ming-Yang Zheng, Yue Hu, Yunkai Zhao, Zhenyuan Shang, Zeying Zhong, Zhen Chen, Yi-Han Luo, Jinbao Long, Wei Sun, Wenbo Ma, Xiu-Ping Xie, Lan Gao, Chen Shen, Anting Wang, Wei Liang, Qiang Zhang and Junqiu Liu ()
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Baoqi Shi: University of Science and Technology of China
Ming-Yang Zheng: University of Science and Technology of China
Yue Hu: International Quantum Academy
Yunkai Zhao: International Quantum Academy
Zhenyuan Shang: International Quantum Academy
Zeying Zhong: International Quantum Academy
Zhen Chen: International Quantum Academy
Yi-Han Luo: International Quantum Academy
Jinbao Long: International Quantum Academy
Wei Sun: International Quantum Academy
Wenbo Ma: University of Science and Technology of China
Xiu-Ping Xie: University of Science and Technology of China
Lan Gao: International Quantum Academy
Chen Shen: International Quantum Academy
Anting Wang: University of Science and Technology of China
Wei Liang: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Qiang Zhang: University of Science and Technology of China
Junqiu Liu: International Quantum Academy

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-13

Abstract: Abstract Integrated photonics has been successfully established in the near-infrared (NIR) telecommunication bands. With the soaring demand in biosensing, quantum information and transportable atomic clocks, extensive endeavors have been stacked on translating integrated photonics into the visible spectrum. Demonstrations of visible-light lasers, frequency combs, and atom traps highlight the prospect of creating chip-based optical atomic clocks that can make timing and metrology ubiquitous. A pillar to the development of visible-light integrated photonics is characterization techniques featuring high frequency resolution and wide spectral coverage, which however remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate a vector spectrum analyzer (VSA) for visible-light integrated photonics, offering spectral bandwidth of 766–795 and 518–541 nm. The VSA is rooted in widely chirping, high-power, narrow-linewidth, mode-hop-free lasers that are frequency-doubled from the near-infrared via efficient, broadband CPLN waveguides. The VSA is further referenced to hyperfine structures of alkaline atoms and iodine molecules, enabling megahertz frequency accuracy. We apply our VSA to showcase the characterization of loss, dispersion and phase response of passive integrated devices, as well as densely spaced spectra of mode-locked lasers. Leveraging individual operations at 518–541, 766–795, 1020–1098, and 1260–1640 nm bands, our VSA achieves an aggregate characterization bandwidth exceeding one octave. This capability establishes the VSA as an invaluable diagnostic tool for spectroscopy, nonlinear optical processing, imaging, and quantum interfaces with atomic systems.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-61970-0

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