Muscle-inspired elasto-electromagnetic mechanism in autonomous insect robots

Changyu Xu, Yajun Cao, Jingyang Zhao, Yujia Cao, Yi Huang, Yangyi Lin, Dong Wang, Zhuang Zhang and Hanqing Jiang ()
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Changyu Xu: Westlake University
Yajun Cao: Westlake University
Jingyang Zhao: Westlake University
Yujia Cao: Westlake University
Yi Huang: Westlake Interactive Robot Technology (Hangzhou) Co. Ltd
Yangyi Lin: Westlake University
Dong Wang: Sichuan University
Zhuang Zhang: Westlake University
Hanqing Jiang: Westlake University

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-15

Abstract: Abstract In nature, the dynamic contraction and relaxation of muscle in animals provide the essential force and deformation necessary for diverse locomotion, enabling them to navigate and overcome environmental challenges. However, most autonomous robotic systems still rely on conventional rigid motors, lacking the adaptability and resilience of muscle-like actuators. Existing artificial muscles, while promising for soft actuation, often require demanding operational conditions that hinder their use in onboard-powered small autonomous systems. In this work, we present the Elasto-Electromagnetic mechanism, an electromagnetic actuation strategy tailored for soft robotics. By structuring simple elastomeric materials, this mechanism mimics key features of biological muscle contraction and optimizes actuation properties. It achieves significant output force (~210 N/kg), large contraction ratio (up to 60%), rapid response (60 Hz), and low-voltage operation (

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-62182-2

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