Transposons and accessory genes drive adaptation in a clonally evolving fungal pathogen

Cristina López Díaz, Dilay Hazal Ayhan, Ana Rodríguez López, Lucía Gómez Gil, Li-Jun Ma () and Antonio Di Pietro ()
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Cristina López Díaz: Universidad de Córdoba
Dilay Hazal Ayhan: University of Massachusetts Amherst
Ana Rodríguez López: Universidad de Córdoba
Lucía Gómez Gil: Universidad de Córdoba
Li-Jun Ma: University of Massachusetts Amherst
Antonio Di Pietro: Universidad de Córdoba

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-16

Abstract: Abstract Genomes of clonally reproducing fungal pathogens are often compartmentalized into conserved core and lineage-specific accessory regions (ARs), enriched in transposable elements (TEs). ARs and TEs are thought to promote pathogen adaptation, but direct experimental evidence is sparse. Using an evolve and re-sequence approach, we found that serial passaging of the cross-kingdom fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum through tomato plants or axenic media rapidly increased fitness under the selection condition. TE insertions were the predominant type of mutations in the evolved lines, with a single non-autonomous hAT-type TE accounting for 63% of total events detected. TEs are inserted preferentially at sites of histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation, a hallmark of ARs. Recurrent evolutionary trajectories during plate adaptation led to increased proliferation concomitant with reduced virulence. Unexpectedly, adaptive mutations in accessory genes strongly impacted core functions such as growth, development, quorum sensing, or virulence. Thus, TEs and ARs drive rapid adaptation in this important fungal pathogen.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-62213-y

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