Non-equilibrium anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy for investigating Higgs modes in superconductors

Tomke E. Glier (), Sida Tian, Mika Rerrer, Lea Westphal, Garret Lüllau, Liwen Feng, Jakob Dolgner, Rafael Haenel, Marta Zonno, Hiroshi Eisaki, Martin Greven, Andrea Damascelli, Stefan Kaiser (), Dirk Manske () and Michael Rübhausen ()
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Tomke E. Glier: Universität Hamburg
Sida Tian: Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research
Mika Rerrer: Universität Hamburg
Lea Westphal: Universität Hamburg
Garret Lüllau: Universität Hamburg
Liwen Feng: TUD Dresden University of Technology
Jakob Dolgner: Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research
Rafael Haenel: Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research
Marta Zonno: Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research
Hiroshi Eisaki: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
Martin Greven: University of Minnesota
Andrea Damascelli: University of British Columbia
Stefan Kaiser: TUD Dresden University of Technology
Dirk Manske: Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research
Michael Rübhausen: Universität Hamburg

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-9

Abstract: Abstract Even before its role in electroweak symmetry breaking, the Anderson-Higgs mechanism was introduced to explain the Meissner effect in superconductors. Spontaneous symmetry-breaking yields massless phase modes representing the low-energy excitations of the Mexican-Hat potential. Only in superconductors the phase mode is shifted towards higher energies owing to the gauge field of the charged condensate. This results in a low-energy excitation spectrum governed by the Higgs mode. Consequently, the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer-like Meissner effect signifies a macroscopic quantum condensate in which a photon acquires mass, representing a one-to-one analogy to high-energy physics. We report on an innovative spectroscopic technique to study symmetries and energies of the Higgs modes in the high-temperature superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 after a soft quench of the Mexican-Hat potential. Population inversion induced by an initial laser pulse leads to an additional anti-Stokes Raman-scattering signal, which is consistent with polarization-dependent Higgs modes. Within Ginzburg-Landau theory, the Higgs-mode energy is connected to the Cooper-pair coherence length. Within a Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer weak-coupling model we develop a quantitative and coherent description of single-particle and two-particle channels. This opens the avenue for Higgs Spectroscopy in quantum condensates and provides a unique pathway to control and explore Higgs physics.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-62245-4

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