Observation of a bilayer superfluid with interlayer coherence

Erik Rydow (), Vijay Pal Singh, Abel Beregi, En Chang, Ludwig Mathey, Christopher J. Foot and Shinichi Sunami ()
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Erik Rydow: University of Oxford
Vijay Pal Singh: Technology Innovation Institute
Abel Beregi: University of Oxford
En Chang: University of Oxford
Ludwig Mathey: Universität Hamburg
Christopher J. Foot: University of Oxford
Shinichi Sunami: University of Oxford

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-9

Abstract: Abstract Controlling the coupling between different degrees of freedom in many-body systems is a powerful technique for engineering novel phases of matter. We create a bilayer system of two-dimensional (2D) ultracold Bose gases and demonstrate the controlled generation of bulk coherence through tunable interlayer Josephson coupling. We probe the resulting correlation properties of both phase modes of the bilayer system: the symmetric phase mode is studied via a noise-correlation method, while the antisymmetric phase fluctuations are directly captured by matter-wave interferometry. The measured correlation functions for both of these modes exhibit a crossover from short-range to quasi-long-range order above a coupling-dependent critical point, thus providing direct evidence of bilayer superfluidity mediated by interlayer coupling. We map out the phase diagram and interpret it with renormalization-group theory and Monte Carlo simulations. Additionally, we elucidate the underlying mechanism through the observation of suppressed vortex excitations in the antisymmetric mode.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-62277-w

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