A framework for complex signal processing via synthetic biological operational amplifiers

Wenjun Cao, Lili Liu (), Qingxu Sun, Yang Shan () and Ye Chen ()
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Wenjun Cao: Hunan University
Lili Liu: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Qingxu Sun: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Yang Shan: Hunan University
Ye Chen: Chinese Academy of Sciences

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-15

Abstract: Abstract Engineering genetic circuits to process complex biological signals remains a significant challenge due to non-orthogonal signal responses that limit precise control. In this study, we introduce a framework that integrates orthogonal operational amplifiers (OAs) into standardized biological processes to enable efficient signal decomposition and amplification. By engineering σ/anti-σ pairs, varying ribosome binding site (RBS) strengths, and utilizing both open-loop and closed-loop configurations, we design scalable OAs that enhance the precision, adaptability, and signal-to-noise ratio of genetic circuits. Additionally, we present a prototype whole-cell biosensor capable of detecting transcriptional changes in response to growth conditions, enabling growth-state-responsive induction systems. These systems provide dynamic gene expression control without external inducers, offering significant advantages for metabolic engineering applications. We also apply our framework to mitigate crosstalk in multi-signal systems, ensuring independent control over each signal channel within complex biological networks. Our approach enhances synthetic biology systems by robust signal processing and precise dynamic regulation.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-62464-9

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