Noncollinear harmonic spectroscopy reveals crossover of strong-field effects

Jicai Zhang (), Xiulan Liu, Tien-Dat Tran, Wenqi Xu, Wenhao Yu, Chong Zhang, Ziwen Wang, Lei Geng, Jianing Zhang, Liang-You Peng (), Stanislav Yu. Kruchinin () and Tran Trung Luu ()
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Jicai Zhang: The University of Hong Kong
Xiulan Liu: Peking University
Tien-Dat Tran: The University of Hong Kong
Wenqi Xu: The University of Hong Kong
Wenhao Yu: The University of Hong Kong
Chong Zhang: The University of Hong Kong
Ziwen Wang: The University of Hong Kong
Lei Geng: Peking University
Jianing Zhang: Peking University
Liang-You Peng: Peking University
Stanislav Yu. Kruchinin: Microsoft Austria
Tran Trung Luu: The University of Hong Kong

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-8

Abstract: Abstract The ability to control electron motion with light fields represents a transformative frontier in modern physics, enabling dynamic manipulation of material properties at ultrafast timescales. Yet, the complex interplay between light and excited carriers—via mechanisms such as the AC Stark effect, field-induced coupling of excitonic and Bloch states, the dynamical Franz-Keldysh effect, and the ponderomotive effect—continues to challenge our understanding of quantum systems driven far from equilibrium. Here, we establish non-collinear harmonic spectroscopy as a powerful technique for initiating, tracking, and steering femtosecond carrier dynamics across the energy landscape in the dielectric SiO2 crystal. Combining rigorous numerical simulations with analytical theory, we identify the main mechanisms responsible for the crossover of different strong-field phenomena, which leads to the delay-dependent energy shift of excitonic and Bloch states. This control over the electronic and excitonic states opens new opportunities for tailoring carrier dynamics in quantum materials, paving the way for next-generation optoelectronic and nanophotonic technologies.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-62746-2

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