Bioengineered hybrid dual-targeting nanoparticles reprogram the tumour microenvironment for deep glioblastoma photodynamic therapy

Rongrong Zhao, Ying Hou, Boyan Li, Ziwen Pan, Jiawei Qiu, Qingtong Wang, Yanhua Qi, Zhe Han, Hongyu Zhao, Hong Liu (), Weijia Zhou (), Gang Li () and Hao Xue ()
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Rongrong Zhao: Shandong University
Ying Hou: University of Jinan
Boyan Li: Shandong University
Ziwen Pan: Shandong University
Jiawei Qiu: Shandong University
Qingtong Wang: Shandong University
Yanhua Qi: Shandong University
Zhe Han: Shandong University
Hongyu Zhao: Shandong University
Hong Liu: University of Jinan
Weijia Zhou: University of Jinan
Gang Li: Shandong University
Hao Xue: Shandong University

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-22

Abstract: Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) poses significant therapeutic challenges due to its hypoxic and immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME), low immunogenicity and physical barriers. While combining photodynamic therapy (PDT) with immunotherapy holds promise, its efficacy is hampered by insufficient immune activation. In this study, we develop a multifunctional photodynamic-enhanced biomimetic intelligent nanoplatform (FBFO@HM@aOPN) responsive to the TME. The nanoplatform consists of a dual-enzyme nanozyme encapsulated in a prokaryotic-eukaryotic hybrid membrane, further modified with a pH-sensitive tumor-targeting antibody. After systemic administration, FBFO@HM@aOPN selectively accumulates in the GBM through vascular regulation and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling while generating oxygen to alleviate hypoxia. Crucially, the platform concurrently induces immunogenic death in tumour cells and reprograms protumoral macrophages to antitumor phenotypes. This dual action robustly activates both innate and adaptive immunity, significantly inhibiting GBM growth. Furthermore, when combined with anti-PD1 immunotherapy, the nanoplatform dramatically boosts the treatment effect and effectively prevents postsurgical tumour recurrence. Therefore, our work offers a multimodal platform for stimulating anti-tumour immunity, with potential applicability for GBM patients.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-63081-2

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