Restoring mucosal barrier homeostasis by in situ formation of a living-synthetic therapeutic coating

Wei Yu, Huilong Luo, Bo Han, Sisi Lin, Qian Li, Rui Xue, Hui Tang, Xin Jia (), Lu Wang () and Jinyao Liu ()
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Wei Yu: Shihezi University
Huilong Luo: Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Bo Han: Shihezi University
Sisi Lin: Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Qian Li: Xinjiang Military Command General Hospital
Rui Xue: Shihezi University
Hui Tang: Shihezi University
Xin Jia: Shihezi University
Lu Wang: Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Jinyao Liu: Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-17

Abstract: Abstract The mucosal barrier consisting of physicochemical, immune, and microbial components is the first line of defense against external stimuli. Breakdown of the mucosal barrier causes the occurrences of various diseases, while methods capable of multifacetedly restoring mucosal barrier functions have been rarely reported. Here, we describe the restoration of the physicochemical, immune, and microbial homeostasis of the mucosal barrier by in situ formation of a living-synthetic therapeutic coating (LSTC). Through metal-phenolic complexation and π-π stacking interactions, ethyl gallate can chelate BiIII ions to form an adhesive coating on mucosal surfaces, which enables further hybridization with living bacteria. Due to the beneficial effects of BiIII and ethyl gallate and the probiotic characteristic of carried bacteria, LSTC increases the barrier integrity, mitigates mucosal inflammation, and maintains normal homoeostasis of the microbiota. In two murine models of aerobic vaginitis and vaginal candidiasis, LSTC demonstrates the potency to alleviate vaginal pathological injury and decrease vaginal inflammatory infiltration.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-63110-0

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