Probing stress and magnetism at high pressures with two-dimensional quantum sensors

Guanghui He, Ruotian Gong, Zhipan Wang, Zhongyuan Liu, Jeonghoon Hong, Tongxie Zhang, Ariana L. Riofrio, Zackary Rehfuss, Mingfeng Chen, Changyu Yao, Thomas Poirier, Bingtian Ye, Xi Wang, Sheng Ran, James H. Edgar, Shixiong Zhang, Norman Y. Yao and Chong Zu ()
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Guanghui He: Washington University
Ruotian Gong: Washington University
Zhipan Wang: Harvard University
Zhongyuan Liu: Washington University
Jeonghoon Hong: Indiana University Bloomington
Tongxie Zhang: Indiana University Bloomington
Ariana L. Riofrio: Santa Clara University
Zackary Rehfuss: Washington University
Mingfeng Chen: Washington University
Changyu Yao: Washington University
Thomas Poirier: Kansas State University
Bingtian Ye: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Xi Wang: Washington University
Sheng Ran: Washington University
James H. Edgar: Kansas State University
Shixiong Zhang: Indiana University Bloomington
Norman Y. Yao: Harvard University
Chong Zu: Washington University

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-8

Abstract: Abstract Pressure serves as a fundamental tuning parameter capable of drastically modifying all properties of matter. The advent of diamond anvil cells (DACs) has enabled a compact and tabletop platform for generating extreme pressure conditions in laboratory settings. However, the limited spatial dimensions and ultrahigh pressures within these environments present significant challenges for conventional spectroscopy techniques. In this work, we integrate optical spin defects within a thin layer of two-dimensional (2D) materials directly into the high-pressure chamber, enabling an in situ quantum sensing platform for mapping local stress and magnetic environments up to 3.5 GPa. Compared to nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers embedded in diamond anvils, our 2D sensors exhibit around three times stronger response to local stress and provide nanoscale proximity to the target sample in heterogeneous devices. We showcase the versatility of our approach by imaging both stress gradients within the high-pressure chamber and a pressure-driven magnetic phase transition in a room-temperature self-intercalated van der Waals ferromagnet, Cr1+δTe2. Our work demonstrates an integrated quantum sensing device for high-pressure experiments, offering potential applications in probing pressure-induced phenomena such as superconductivity, magnetism, and mechanical deformation.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-63535-7

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