Ion transport-triggered rapid flexible hydrovoltaic sensing

Changlei Ge, Mingxu Wang, Yuchen Zhou, Yongfeng Wang, Feijun Zhao, Cunkai Zhou, Jun Ma, Feng Wen, Shuqi Wang, Mengyuan Liu, Shuanglan Wang, Yujie Liu, Hao Shen, Fuqin Sun, Lianhui Li () and Ting Zhang ()
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Changlei Ge: Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
Mingxu Wang: Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
Yuchen Zhou: Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
Yongfeng Wang: Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
Feijun Zhao: Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
Cunkai Zhou: Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
Jun Ma: Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
Feng Wen: Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
Shuqi Wang: Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
Mengyuan Liu: Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
Shuanglan Wang: University of Science and Technology of China
Yujie Liu: Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
Hao Shen: Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
Fuqin Sun: Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
Lianhui Li: Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
Ting Zhang: Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-12

Abstract: Abstract The hydrovoltaic effect, based on interactions at the solid-liquid interface, offers a promising route for ion sensing. However, it is hampered by long response times, typically several minutes, due to slow ion diffusion equilibrium in nanochannels. Here, we demonstrate a rapid, flexible hydrovoltaic ion sensing strategy enabled by fast ion transport. Apart from the drag resistance reduction resulting from the ordered nanochannels and gravity elimination along the nanochannel direction, the liquid-driven effect concurrent with low-resistance shear flow at the liquid-liquid transport zone in semi-dry nanochannels are proposed to achieve an open-circuit voltage exceeding 4.0 V within 0.17 s, being two orders of magnitude faster than previous works with infiltration channels. Moreover, the obtained flexible hydrovoltaic device exhibits a wide ion sensing range of 10−7 to 100 M, a maximum sensitivity up to −1.69 V dec-1 for NaCl, and distinctive multi-dimensional signals, enabling its application in selective ion sensing and sweat electrolyte monitoring.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-63549-1

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