Optically-biased Rydberg microwave receiver enabled by hybrid nonlinear interferometry

Sebastian Borówka, Mateusz Mazelanik, Wojciech Wasilewski and Michał Parniak ()
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Sebastian Borówka: University of Warsaw
Mateusz Mazelanik: University of Warsaw
Wojciech Wasilewski: University of Warsaw
Michał Parniak: University of Warsaw

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-9

Abstract: Abstract Coupling a Rydberg vapour medium to both microwave and optical fields enables the benefits of all-optical detection, such as minimal disturbance of the measured field and resilience to very strong signals, since no conventional antenna is required. However, peak sensitivity typically relies on adding a microwave local oscillator, which compromises the all-optical nature of the measurement. Here we introduce an alternative, optical-bias detection, that maintains fully optical operation while achieving high sensitivity. To address laser phase noise, which is critical in this approach, we perform a simultaneous measurement of the noise using a nonlinear process and correct it in real time via data processing. This yields a 35 dB improvement in signal-to-noise ratio compared with the basic method. We demonstrate a sensitivity of $$176\,{{{\rm{nV}}}}/{{{\rm{cm}}}}/\sqrt{{{{\rm{Hz}}}}}$$ 176 nV / cm / Hz , reliable operation up to 3.5 mV/cm at 13.9 GHz, and quadrature-amplitude modulated data transmission, underlining the ability to detect microwave field quadratures while preserving the unique advantages of all-optical detection.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-63951-9

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