Structural basis for DNA break sensing by human MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 and its regulation by telomeric factor TRF2

Yilan Fan, Filiz Kuybu, Hengjun Cui, Katja Lammens, Jia-Xuan Chen, Michael Kugler, Christophe Jung and Karl-Peter Hopfner ()
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Yilan Fan: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Filiz Kuybu: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Hengjun Cui: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Katja Lammens: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Jia-Xuan Chen: Institute of Molecular Biology
Michael Kugler: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Christophe Jung: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Karl-Peter Hopfner: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-15

Abstract: Abstract The MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex is a central, multifunctional factor in the detection, signaling and nucleolytic processing of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). To clarify how human MRN binds generic and telomeric DNA ends and can separate DNA end sensing from nuclease activities, we determined cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of human MRN bound to DNA and to DNA and the telomere protection factor TRF2. MRN senses DSBs through a tight clamp-like sensing state with closed coiled-coil domains, but auto-inhibited MRE11 nuclease. NBS1 wraps around the MRE11 dimer, with NBS1’s ATM recruitment motif sequestered by binding to the regulatory RAD50 S site, necessitating a switch in the NBS1 C helix for ATM activation. At telomeric DNA, TRF2 blocks the second S site via the iDDR motif to prevent nuclease and ATM activation. Our results provide a structural framework for DNA sensing via a gating mechanism and separation of sensing, signaling and processing activities of mammalian MRN.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-64082-x

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