Warm rings in mesoscale eddies in a cold straining ocean

Huizi Dong (), Meng Zhou (), James C. McWilliams, Roshin P. Raj, Francesco d’Ovidio, Ilker Fer, Lixin Qu, Bo Qiu, Lia Siegelman, Zhengguang Zhang, Walker O. Smith and Ann Kristin Sperrevik
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Huizi Dong: Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Meng Zhou: Shanghai Jiao Tong University
James C. McWilliams: University of California
Roshin P. Raj: Norway and Bjerknes Center for Climate Research
Francesco d’Ovidio: Oceanography and Climate Laboratory: Experiments and Numerical Approaches (LOCEAN-IPSL)
Ilker Fer: University of Bergen and Bjerknes Center for Climate Research
Lixin Qu: Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Bo Qiu: University of Hawaii at Manoa
Lia Siegelman: San Diego
Zhengguang Zhang: Ocean University of China
Walker O. Smith: Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Ann Kristin Sperrevik: Norwegian Meteorological Institute

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-12

Abstract: Abstract The warm and saline Atlantic Water has long been recognized as being subjected to substantial heat loss during its transit towards the polar regions. In particular, the Lofoten Basin, a subpolar sea with energetic eddy activity and strong air-sea interactions, plays a crucial role in the transformation of Atlantic Water. Vertical heat transport at submesoscales (0.1-10 km) in the Lofoten Basin is potentially a key link in the heat transfer to the atmosphere. Here, based on multi-year Seaglider observations augmented by satellite altimeters, radiometers, and high-resolution numerical model results, we evaluate the oceanic vertical heat transport in the Lofoten Basin and demonstrate how geostrophic strain enhances heat transport. The enhancement is found to be associated with submesoscale ageostrophic motions along the mesoscale eddy edges, occurring on spatial scales smaller than 10 km and below the mixed layer depth. These strain-induced submesoscale vertical motions transport heat from the ocean interior to the surface, leading to a 0.4 °C increase in sea surface temperature and the formation of “warm ring” structures in both cyclones and anticyclones. The dominant role of submesoscale heat transport likely represents the primary mechanism for substantial heat loss from Atlantic Water in the Lofoten Basin.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-64308-y

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