Achieving high strain hardening and strength in an additively manufactured titanium alloy

Huizhi Peng, Yuman Zhu (), Jun Wang, Jiaming Zhu, Jianwen Liu, Kai Zhang, Peter Lynch, Hamish L. Fraser, Peter Hodgson, Martin Heilmaier, Nick Birbilis, Yunzhi Wang () and Aijun Huang ()
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Huizhi Peng: Monash University, Monash Centre for Additive Manufacturing
Yuman Zhu: Monash University, Monash Centre for Additive Manufacturing
Jun Wang: Deakin University, Institute for Frontier Materials
Jiaming Zhu: Shandong University, School of Civil Engineering
Jianwen Liu: Monash University, Monash Centre for Additive Manufacturing
Kai Zhang: Monash University, Monash Centre for Additive Manufacturing
Peter Lynch: Deakin University, Institute for Frontier Materials
Hamish L. Fraser: The Ohio State University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for the Accelerated Maturation of Materials
Peter Hodgson: Deakin University, Institute for Frontier Materials
Martin Heilmaier: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Applied Materials (IAM-WK)
Nick Birbilis: Deakin University, Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Built Environment
Yunzhi Wang: The Ohio State University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for the Accelerated Maturation of Materials
Aijun Huang: Monash University, Monash Centre for Additive Manufacturing

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-9

Abstract: Abstract Strain hardening is a crucial property of metals and alloys that directly affects their mechanical processability, safe usage, and durability throughout their service life. However, titanium alloys traditionally used in structural applications often exhibit limited strain hardening, restricting their broader use. In this work, we demonstrate that by employing additive manufacturing (AM), strong strain hardening with high strength can be simultaneously achieved in a commercially available titanium alloy. These remarkable properties arise from a martensitic microstructure originated from the AM process. The microstructure is characterized by nanosized martensite plates with extremely fine triple-twinned substructures. During tensile deformation, detwinning rather than dislocation slip gradually transforms this microstructure into single-twinned lamellae with ~10 nm twin boundary spacing and internal stacking faults, necessitating progressively higher stresses and resulting in significant strain hardening.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-65033-2

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