On-chip photonic crystal dressed Rydberg exciton polaritons with enhanced nonlinearity in monolayer WS2

Qiuyu Shang, Kevin Dini, Hao Jiang, Nathan Wei En Seet, Xiangbin Cai, Shihao Ru, Xiufang Lu, Weng Chun Yu, Jiaxin Zhao, Qihua Xiong, Timothy C. H. Liew (), Jesús Zúñiga-Pérez () and Weibo Gao ()
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Qiuyu Shang: Nanyang Technological University, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Kevin Dini: Nanyang Technological University, Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
Hao Jiang: Nanyang Technological University, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Nathan Wei En Seet: Nanyang Technological University, Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
Xiangbin Cai: Nanyang Technological University, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Shihao Ru: Nanyang Technological University, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Xiufang Lu: Nanyang Technological University, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Weng Chun Yu: Nanyang Technological University, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Jiaxin Zhao: Nanyang Technological University, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Qihua Xiong: Tsinghua University, State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics
Timothy C. H. Liew: Nanyang Technological University, Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
Jesús Zúñiga-Pérez: Nanyang Technological University, Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
Weibo Gao: Nanyang Technological University, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-9

Abstract: Abstract Rydberg exciton polaritons are promising for quantum optoelectronic devices exploiting their strong optical nonlinearities. Conventional polaritonic devices consist of optical microcavities made by vertically stacking distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR) and/or metallic mirrors and excitonic active regions, which may restrain their applicability in photonic integrated technologies. Here, we demonstrate the first on-chip photonic crystal (PhC) Rydberg polaritons based on monolayer WS2, which survive up to 80 K. These Rydberg polaritons exhibit a nonlinearity 8.0 ± 2.3 times larger than that of the ground polaritonic states due mostly to their extended exciton radii and, additionally, due to a stronger spatially localized electric field distribution compared to the dual-DBR geometry. Furthermore, the coexistence of 2s and 1s polaritonic states enables us to experimentally quantify their cross-interaction constant (14.4 ± 6.8 μeV μm2). The first realization of on-chip Rydberg polaritons represents a solid step towards polaritonic-based integrated circuits.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-65305-x

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