Electrically tunable ultrafast dynamics and interactions of hybrid excitons in a 2D semiconductor bilayer

Edoardo Lopriore, Charalambos Louca, Armando Genco (), Irantzu Landa, Daniel Erkensten, Charles J. Sayers, Samuel Brem, Raul Perea-Causin, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Christoph Gadermaier, Ermin Malic (), Giulio Cerullo, Stefano Dal Conte () and Andras Kis ()
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Edoardo Lopriore: École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Electrical and Microengineering
Charalambos Louca: Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica
Armando Genco: Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica
Irantzu Landa: Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica
Daniel Erkensten: Philipps-Universität Marburg
Charles J. Sayers: Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica
Samuel Brem: Philipps-Universität Marburg
Raul Perea-Causin: Stockholm University
Kenji Watanabe: National Institute for Materials Science, Research Center for Electronic and Optical Materials
Takashi Taniguchi: National Institute for Materials Science, Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics
Christoph Gadermaier: Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica
Ermin Malic: Philipps-Universität Marburg
Giulio Cerullo: Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica
Stefano Dal Conte: Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica
Andras Kis: École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Electrical and Microengineering

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-9

Abstract: Abstract Extended efforts have been devoted to the study of strongly-interacting excitons and their dynamics, towards macroscopic quantum states of matter such as Bose-Einstein condensates of excitons and polaritons. Momentum-direct layer-hybridized excitons in transition metal dichalcogenides have attracted considerable attention due to their high oscillator strength and dipolar nature. However, the tunability of their interactions and dynamics remains unexplored. Here, we achieve an unprecedented control over the nonlinear properties of dipolar layer-hybridized excitons in an electrically gated van der Waals homobilayer monitored by transient optical spectroscopy. By applying a vertical electric field, we reveal strong Coulomb interactions of dipolar hybrid excitons, leading to opposite density-dependent energy shifts of the two main hybrid species based on their dipolar orientation, together with a strongly enhanced optical saturation of their absorption. Furthermore, by electrically tuning the interlayer tunneling between the hybridized carriers, we significantly extend the formation time of hybrid excitons, while simultaneously increasing their decay times. Our findings have implications for the search on quantum blockade and condensation of excitons and dipolaritons in two-dimensional materials.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-65733-9

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