Biodiversity benefits of China’s 20-year efforts in forest restoration

Bin Wang (), Zhixin Wen, Pinjia Que, Taxing Zhang, Xingcheng He, Nan Yang, Xue Zhong and Yu Xu ()
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Bin Wang: China West Normal University, Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education)
Zhixin Wen: Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology
Pinjia Que: Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding
Taxing Zhang: Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology
Xingcheng He: Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences
Nan Yang: Southwest Minzu University, Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Sichuan Province/Ministry of Education
Xue Zhong: China West Normal University, Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education)
Yu Xu: Guizhou Normal University, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountainous Areas of Southwestern China, School of Life Sciences

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-14

Abstract: Abstract China has become a global leader in forest restoration, through massive investment and various large-scale programs since 2000. Nevertheless, the overall biodiversity outcomes of these efforts remain to be quantified. Here, using 402 non-migratory forest bird species as indicators, we assess biodiversity changes from 2000 to 2020 at a national scale, controlling for the effects of climate change by using an ecological niche modeling framework. We find substantial biodiversity benefits linked to the expansion of forest extent and the improvement in forest structure, with 73.6% of avian species experiencing habitat expansion and mean species richness increasing by 2.886 ± 8.418. Protection-focused and afforestation-dominated restoration programs both effectively enhanced biodiversity, with planted forests performing similarly to natural forests over this period. Key factors facilitating this enhancement included tree cover and canopy structural complexity. Our findings suggest that restoring planted forests in degraded landscapes can provide substantial biodiversity benefits, although this should incorporate mixed tree species silviculture practices to enhance the structural complexity of planted forests. This study highlights China’s achievements but also the potential risks involved in forest and biodiversity restoration, and provides general insights for the optimization of future restoration policy and management in China and beyond.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-65751-7

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