Effector diversification within compartments of the Leptosphaeria maculans genome affected by Repeat-Induced Point mutations

Thierry Rouxel (), Jonathan Grandaubert, James K. Hane, Claire Hoede, Angela P. van de Wouw, Arnaud Couloux, Victoria Dominguez, Véronique Anthouard, Pascal Bally, Salim Bourras, Anton J. Cozijnsen, Lynda M. Ciuffetti, Alexandre Degrave, Azita Dilmaghani, Laurent Duret, Isabelle Fudal, Stephen B. Goodwin, Lilian Gout, Nicolas Glaser, Juliette Linglin, Gert H. J. Kema, Nicolas Lapalu, Christopher B. Lawrence, Kim May, Michel Meyer, Bénédicte Ollivier, Julie Poulain, Conrad L. Schoch, Adeline Simon, Joseph W. Spatafora, Anna Stachowiak, B. Gillian Turgeon, Brett M. Tyler, Delphine Vincent, Jean Weissenbach, Joëlle Amselem, Hadi Quesneville, Richard P. Oliver, Patrick Wincker, Marie-Hélène Balesdent and Barbara J. Howlett
Additional contact information
Thierry Rouxel: INRA-Bioger, UR1290, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, BP 01
Jonathan Grandaubert: INRA-Bioger, UR1290, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, BP 01
James K. Hane: Murdoch University
Claire Hoede: INRA-URGI, Route de Saint Cyr
Angela P. van de Wouw: School of Botany, University of Melbourne
Arnaud Couloux: GENOSCOPE, Centre National de Séquençage, Institut de Génomique CEA/DSV, 2, rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5706
Victoria Dominguez: INRA-URGI, Route de Saint Cyr
Véronique Anthouard: GENOSCOPE, Centre National de Séquençage, Institut de Génomique CEA/DSV, 2, rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5706
Pascal Bally: INRA-Bioger, UR1290, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, BP 01
Salim Bourras: INRA-Bioger, UR1290, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, BP 01
Anton J. Cozijnsen: School of Botany, University of Melbourne
Lynda M. Ciuffetti: Cordley Hall 2082, Oregon State University
Alexandre Degrave: INRA-Bioger, UR1290, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, BP 01
Azita Dilmaghani: INRA-Bioger, UR1290, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, BP 01
Laurent Duret: Laboratoire Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 5558, Université Lyon 1, 43 Bld du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne cedex F-69622, France.
Isabelle Fudal: INRA-Bioger, UR1290, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, BP 01
Stephen B. Goodwin: USDA-ARS, Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, Purdue University
Lilian Gout: INRA-Bioger, UR1290, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, BP 01
Nicolas Glaser: INRA-Bioger, UR1290, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, BP 01
Juliette Linglin: INRA-Bioger, UR1290, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, BP 01
Gert H. J. Kema: Wageningen UR, Plant Research International, P.O. Box 69, Wageningen 6700 AB, The Netherlands.
Nicolas Lapalu: INRA-URGI, Route de Saint Cyr
Christopher B. Lawrence: Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Kim May: School of Botany, University of Melbourne
Michel Meyer: INRA-Bioger, UR1290, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, BP 01
Bénédicte Ollivier: INRA-Bioger, UR1290, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, BP 01
Julie Poulain: GENOSCOPE, Centre National de Séquençage, Institut de Génomique CEA/DSV, 2, rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5706
Conrad L. Schoch: NIH/NLM/NCBI, 45 Center Drive, MSC 6510
Adeline Simon: INRA-Bioger, UR1290, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, BP 01
Joseph W. Spatafora: Cordley Hall 2082, Oregon State University
Anna Stachowiak: Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, Poznan PL-60479, Poland.
B. Gillian Turgeon: Deparment of Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University
Brett M. Tyler: Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Delphine Vincent: INRA, UMR1202 BIOGECO, 69 Route d'Arcachon
Jean Weissenbach: GENOSCOPE, Centre National de Séquençage, Institut de Génomique CEA/DSV, 2, rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5706
Joëlle Amselem: INRA-URGI, Route de Saint Cyr
Hadi Quesneville: INRA-URGI, Route de Saint Cyr
Richard P. Oliver: Australian Centre for Necrotrophic Fungal Pathogens, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
Patrick Wincker: GENOSCOPE, Centre National de Séquençage, Institut de Génomique CEA/DSV, 2, rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5706
Marie-Hélène Balesdent: INRA-Bioger, UR1290, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, BP 01
Barbara J. Howlett: School of Botany, University of Melbourne

Nature Communications, 2011, vol. 2, issue 1, 1-10

Abstract: Abstract Fungi are of primary ecological, biotechnological and economic importance. Many fundamental biological processes that are shared by animals and fungi are studied in fungi due to their experimental tractability. Many fungi are pathogens or mutualists and are model systems to analyse effector genes and their mechanisms of diversification. In this study, we report the genome sequence of the phytopathogenic ascomycete Leptosphaeria maculans and characterize its repertoire of protein effectors. The L. maculans genome has an unusual bipartite structure with alternating distinct guanine and cytosine-equilibrated and adenine and thymine (AT)-rich blocks of homogenous nucleotide composition. The AT-rich blocks comprise one-third of the genome and contain effector genes and families of transposable elements, both of which are affected by repeat-induced point mutation, a fungal-specific genome defence mechanism. This genomic environment for effectors promotes rapid sequence diversification and underpins the evolutionary potential of the fungus to adapt rapidly to novel host-derived constraints.

Date: 2011
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DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1189

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