Factors determining the occurrence of submicroscopic malaria infections and their relevance for control

Lucy C. Okell (), Teun Bousema, Jamie T. Griffin, André Lin Ouédraogo, Azra C. Ghani and Chris J. Drakeley
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Lucy C. Okell: MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus
Teun Bousema: Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
Jamie T. Griffin: MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus
André Lin Ouédraogo: Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme
Azra C. Ghani: MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus
Chris J. Drakeley: Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine

Nature Communications, 2012, vol. 3, issue 1, 1-9

Abstract: Abstract Malaria parasite prevalence in endemic populations is an essential indicator for monitoring the progress of malaria control, and has traditionally been assessed by microscopy. However, surveys increasingly use sensitive molecular methods that detect higher numbers of infected individuals, questioning our understanding of the true infection burden and resources required to reduce it. Here we analyse a series of data sets to characterize the distribution and epidemiological factors associated with low-density, submicroscopic infections. We show that submicroscopic parasite carriage is common in adults, in low-endemic settings and in chronic infections. We find a strong, non-linear relationship between microscopy and PCR prevalence in population surveys (n=106), and provide a tool to relate these measures. When transmission reaches very low levels, submicroscopic carriers are estimated to be the source of 20–50% of all human-to-mosquito transmissions. Our findings challenge the idea that individuals with little previous malaria exposure have insufficient immunity to control parasitaemia and suggest a role for molecular screening.

Date: 2012
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DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2241

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