Reconstructing genome evolution in historic samples of the Irish potato famine pathogen

Michael D. Martin (), Enrico Cappellini, Jose A. Samaniego, M. Lisandra Zepeda, Paula F. Campos, Andaine Seguin-Orlando, Nathan Wales, Ludovic Orlando, Simon Y. W. Ho, Fred S. Dietrich, Piotr A. Mieczkowski, Joseph Heitman, Eske Willerslev, Anders Krogh, Jean B. Ristaino and M. Thomas P. Gilbert
Additional contact information
Michael D. Martin: Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen
Enrico Cappellini: Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen
Jose A. Samaniego: Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen
M. Lisandra Zepeda: Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen
Paula F. Campos: Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen
Andaine Seguin-Orlando: Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen
Nathan Wales: Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen
Ludovic Orlando: Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen
Simon Y. W. Ho: School of Biological Sciences, Edgeworth David Building A11, University of Sydney
Fred S. Dietrich: Duke University Medical Center
Piotr A. Mieczkowski: High-Throughput Sequencing Facility, CB no. 3280, University of North Carolina
Joseph Heitman: Duke University Medical Center
Eske Willerslev: Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen
Anders Krogh: Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen
Jean B. Ristaino: 100 Derieux Place, Box 7616, North Carolina State University
M. Thomas P. Gilbert: Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen

Nature Communications, 2013, vol. 4, issue 1, 1-7

Abstract: Abstract Responsible for the Irish potato famine of 1845–49, the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans caused persistent, devastating outbreaks of potato late blight across Europe in the 19th century. Despite continued interest in the history and spread of the pathogen, the genome of the famine-era strain remains entirely unknown. Here we characterize temporal genomic changes in introduced P. infestans. We shotgun sequence five 19th-century European strains from archival herbarium samples—including the oldest known European specimen, collected in 1845 from the first reported source of introduction. We then compare their genomes to those of extant isolates. We report multiple distinct genotypes in historical Europe and a suite of infection-related genes different from modern strains. At virulence-related loci, several now-ubiquitous genotypes were absent from the historical gene pool. At least one of these genotypes encodes a virulent phenotype in modern strains, which helps explain the 20th century’s episodic replacements of European P. infestans lineages.

Date: 2013
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DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3172

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