Two-colour pump–probe experiments with a twin-pulse-seed extreme ultraviolet free-electron laser

E. Allaria, F. Bencivenga, R. Borghes, F. Capotondi (), D. Castronovo, P. Charalambous, P. Cinquegrana, M. B. Danailov (), G. De Ninno, A. Demidovich, S. Di Mitri, B. Diviacco, D. Fausti, W. M. Fawley, E. Ferrari, L. Froehlich, D. Gauthier, A. Gessini, L. Giannessi, R. Ivanov, M. Kiskinova, G. Kurdi, B. Mahieu, N. Mahne, I. Nikolov, C. Masciovecchio, E. Pedersoli, G. Penco, L. Raimondi, C. Serpico, P. Sigalotti, S. Spampinati, C. Spezzani, C. Svetina, M. Trovò and M. Zangrando
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E. Allaria: Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14-km 163.5
F. Bencivenga: Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14-km 163.5
R. Borghes: Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14-km 163.5
F. Capotondi: Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14-km 163.5
D. Castronovo: Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14-km 163.5
P. Charalambous: Zone Plates Ltd, 8 South Way (FF)
P. Cinquegrana: Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14-km 163.5
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M. Trovò: Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14-km 163.5
M. Zangrando: Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14-km 163.5

Nature Communications, 2013, vol. 4, issue 1, 1-7

Abstract: Abstract Exploring the dynamics of matter driven to extreme non-equilibrium states by an intense ultrashort X-ray pulse is becoming reality, thanks to the advent of free-electron laser technology that allows development of different schemes for probing the response at variable time delay with a second pulse. Here we report the generation of two-colour extreme ultraviolet pulses of controlled wavelengths, intensity and timing by seeding of high-gain harmonic generation free-electron laser with multiple independent laser pulses. The potential of this new scheme is demonstrated by the time evolution of a titanium-grating diffraction pattern, tuning the two coherent pulses to the titanium M-resonance and varying their intensities. This reveals that an intense pulse induces abrupt pattern changes on a time scale shorter than hydrodynamic expansion and ablation. This result exemplifies the essential capabilities of the jitter-free multiple-colour free-electron laser pulse sequences to study evolving states of matter with element sensitivity.

Date: 2013
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DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3476

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