Observations of an extreme storm in interplanetary space caused by successive coronal mass ejections

Ying D. Liu (), Janet G. Luhmann, Primož Kajdič, Emilia K.J. Kilpua, Noé Lugaz, Nariaki V. Nitta, Christian Möstl, Benoit Lavraud, Stuart D. Bale, Charles J. Farrugia and Antoinette B. Galvin
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Ying D. Liu: State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Janet G. Luhmann: Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California
Primož Kajdič: Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP
Emilia K.J. Kilpua: University of Helsinki
Noé Lugaz: Space Science Center, University of New Hampshire
Nariaki V. Nitta: Lockheed-Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory
Christian Möstl: Institute of Physics, University of Graz
Benoit Lavraud: Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP
Stuart D. Bale: Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California
Charles J. Farrugia: Space Science Center, University of New Hampshire
Antoinette B. Galvin: Space Science Center, University of New Hampshire

Nature Communications, 2014, vol. 5, issue 1, 1-8

Abstract: Abstract Space weather refers to dynamic conditions on the Sun and in the space environment of the Earth, which are often driven by solar eruptions and their subsequent interplanetary disturbances. It has been unclear how an extreme space weather storm forms and how severe it can be. Here we report and investigate an extreme event with multi-point remote-sensing and in situ observations. The formation of the extreme storm showed striking novel features. We suggest that the in-transit interaction between two closely launched coronal mass ejections resulted in the extreme enhancement of the ejecta magnetic field observed near 1 AU at STEREO A. The fast transit to STEREO A (in only 18.6 h), or the unusually weak deceleration of the event, was caused by the preconditioning of the upstream solar wind by an earlier solar eruption. These results provide a new view crucial to solar physics and space weather as to how an extreme space weather event can arise from a combination of solar eruptions.

Date: 2014
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DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4481

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