The Glanville fritillary genome retains an ancient karyotype and reveals selective chromosomal fusions in Lepidoptera

Virpi Ahola, Rainer Lehtonen, Panu Somervuo, Leena Salmela, Patrik Koskinen, Pasi Rastas, Niko Välimäki, Lars Paulin, Jouni Kvist, Niklas Wahlberg, Jaakko Tanskanen, Emily A. Hornett, Laura C. Ferguson, Shiqi Luo, Zijuan Cao, Maaike A. de Jong, Anne Duplouy, Olli-Pekka Smolander, Heiko Vogel, Rajiv C. McCoy, Kui Qian, Wong Swee Chong, Qin Zhang, Freed Ahmad, Jani K. Haukka, Aruj Joshi, Jarkko Salojärvi, Christopher W. Wheat, Ewald Grosse-Wilde, Daniel Hughes, Riku Katainen, Esa Pitkänen, Johannes Ylinen, Robert M. Waterhouse, Mikko Turunen, Anna Vähärautio, Sami P. Ojanen, Alan H. Schulman, Minna Taipale, Daniel Lawson, Esko Ukkonen, Veli Mäkinen, Marian R. Goldsmith, Liisa Holm, Petri Auvinen, Mikko J. Frilander and Ilkka Hanski ()
Additional contact information
Virpi Ahola: University of Helsinki
Rainer Lehtonen: University of Helsinki
Panu Somervuo: University of Helsinki
Leena Salmela: University of Helsinki
Patrik Koskinen: University of Helsinki
Pasi Rastas: University of Helsinki
Niko Välimäki: Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki
Lars Paulin: Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki
Jouni Kvist: Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki
Niklas Wahlberg: University of Turku
Jaakko Tanskanen: Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki
Emily A. Hornett: University of Cambridge
Laura C. Ferguson: University of Oxford
Shiqi Luo: College of Life Sciences, Peking University
Zijuan Cao: College of Life Sciences, Peking University
Maaike A. de Jong: University of Helsinki
Anne Duplouy: University of Helsinki
Olli-Pekka Smolander: Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki
Heiko Vogel: Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
Rajiv C. McCoy: Stanford University
Kui Qian: Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki
Wong Swee Chong: University of Helsinki
Qin Zhang: BioMediTech, University of Tampere
Freed Ahmad: University of Turku
Jani K. Haukka: BioMediTech, University of Tampere
Aruj Joshi: BioMediTech, University of Tampere
Jarkko Salojärvi: University of Helsinki
Christopher W. Wheat: Stockholm University
Ewald Grosse-Wilde: Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
Daniel Hughes: European Bioinformatics Institute
Riku Katainen: Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki
Esa Pitkänen: Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki
Johannes Ylinen: University of Helsinki
Robert M. Waterhouse: University of Geneva Medical School & Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics
Mikko Turunen: Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki
Anna Vähärautio: Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki
Sami P. Ojanen: University of Helsinki
Alan H. Schulman: Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki
Minna Taipale: Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki
Daniel Lawson: European Bioinformatics Institute
Esko Ukkonen: University of Helsinki
Veli Mäkinen: University of Helsinki
Marian R. Goldsmith: University of Rhode Island
Liisa Holm: University of Helsinki
Petri Auvinen: Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki
Mikko J. Frilander: Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki
Ilkka Hanski: University of Helsinki

Nature Communications, 2014, vol. 5, issue 1, 1-9

Abstract: Abstract Previous studies have reported that chromosome synteny in Lepidoptera has been well conserved, yet the number of haploid chromosomes varies widely from 5 to 223. Here we report the genome (393 Mb) of the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia; Nymphalidae), a widely recognized model species in metapopulation biology and eco-evolutionary research, which has the putative ancestral karyotype of n=31. Using a phylogenetic analyses of Nymphalidae and of other Lepidoptera, combined with orthologue-level comparisons of chromosomes, we conclude that the ancestral lepidopteran karyotype has been n=31 for at least 140 My. We show that fusion chromosomes have retained the ancestral chromosome segments and very few rearrangements have occurred across the fusion sites. The same, shortest ancestral chromosomes have independently participated in fusion events in species with smaller karyotypes. The short chromosomes have higher rearrangement rate than long ones. These characteristics highlight distinctive features of the evolutionary dynamics of butterflies and moths.

Date: 2014
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DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5737

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