Developmental genetic bases behind the independent origin of the tympanic membrane in mammals and diapsids

Taro Kitazawa, Masaki Takechi, Tatsuya Hirasawa, Noritaka Adachi, Nicolas Narboux-Nême, Hideaki Kume, Kazuhiro Maeda, Tamami Hirai, Sachiko Miyagawa-Tomita, Yukiko Kurihara, Jiro Hitomi, Giovanni Levi, Shigeru Kuratani () and Hiroki Kurihara
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Taro Kitazawa: Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
Masaki Takechi: Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN
Tatsuya Hirasawa: Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN
Noritaka Adachi: Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN
Nicolas Narboux-Nême: Évolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum National, d’Histoire Naturelle
Hideaki Kume: Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
Kazuhiro Maeda: Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Women’s Medical University
Tamami Hirai: Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN
Sachiko Miyagawa-Tomita: Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Women’s Medical University
Yukiko Kurihara: Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
Jiro Hitomi: Iwate Medical University
Giovanni Levi: Évolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum National, d’Histoire Naturelle
Shigeru Kuratani: Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN
Hiroki Kurihara: Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo

Nature Communications, 2015, vol. 6, issue 1, 1-7

Abstract: Abstract The amniote middle ear is a classical example of the evolutionary novelty. Although paleontological evidence supports the view that mammals and diapsids (modern reptiles and birds) independently acquired the middle ear after divergence from their common ancestor, the developmental bases of these transformations remain unknown. Here we show that lower-to-upper jaw transformation induced by inactivation of the Endothelin1-Dlx5/6 cascade involving Goosecoid results in loss of the tympanic membrane in mouse, but causes duplication of the tympanic membrane in chicken. Detailed anatomical analysis indicates that the relative positions of the primary jaw joint and first pharyngeal pouch led to the coupling of tympanic membrane formation with the lower jaw in mammals, but with the upper jaw in diapsids. We propose that differences in connection and release by various pharyngeal skeletal elements resulted in structural diversity, leading to the acquisition of the tympanic membrane in two distinct manners during amniote evolution.

Date: 2015
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DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7853

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