Ultra-high modulation depth exceeding 2,400% in optically controlled topological surface plasmons

Sangwan Sim, Houk Jang, Nikesh Koirala, Matthew Brahlek, Jisoo Moon, Ji Ho Sung, Jun Park, Soonyoung Cha, Seongshik Oh, Moon-Ho Jo, Jong-Hyun Ahn and Hyunyong Choi ()
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Sangwan Sim: School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University
Houk Jang: School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University
Nikesh Koirala: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
Matthew Brahlek: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
Jisoo Moon: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
Ji Ho Sung: Center for Artificial Low Dimensional Electronic Systems, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
Jun Park: School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University
Soonyoung Cha: School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University
Seongshik Oh: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
Moon-Ho Jo: Center for Artificial Low Dimensional Electronic Systems, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
Jong-Hyun Ahn: School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University
Hyunyong Choi: School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University

Nature Communications, 2015, vol. 6, issue 1, 1-7

Abstract: Abstract Modulating light via coherent charge oscillations in solids is the subject of intense research topics in opto-plasmonics. Although a variety of methods are proposed to increase such modulation efficiency, one central challenge is to achieve a high modulation depth (defined by a ratio of extinction with/without light) under small photon-flux injection, which becomes a fundamental trade-off issue both in metals and semiconductors. Here, by fabricating simple micro-ribbon arrays of topological insulator Bi2Se3, we report an unprecedentedly large modulation depth of 2,400% at 1.5 THz with very low optical fluence of 45 μJ cm−2. This was possible, first because the extinction spectrum is nearly zero due to the Fano-like plasmon–phonon-destructive interference, thereby contributing an extremely small denominator to the extinction ratio. Second, the numerator of the extinction ratio is markedly increased due to the photoinduced formation of massive two-dimensional electron gas below the topological surface states, which is another contributor to the ultra-high modulation depth.

Date: 2015
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DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9814

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