Inward lithium-ion breathing of hierarchically porous silicon anodes

Qiangfeng Xiao, Meng Gu, Hui Yang, Bing Li, Cunman Zhang, Yang Liu, Fang Liu, Fang Dai, Li Yang, Zhongyi Liu, Xingcheng Xiao, Gao Liu, Peng Zhao, Sulin Zhang (), Chongmin Wang (), Yunfeng Lu () and Mei Cai ()
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Qiangfeng Xiao: Gereral Motors Research and Development Center
Meng Gu: Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Hui Yang: Pennsylvania State University
Bing Li: Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University
Cunman Zhang: Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University
Yang Liu: The University of California
Fang Liu: The University of California
Fang Dai: Gereral Motors Research and Development Center
Li Yang: Gereral Motors Research and Development Center
Zhongyi Liu: Gereral Motors Research and Development Center
Xingcheng Xiao: Gereral Motors Research and Development Center
Gao Liu: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Peng Zhao: Pennsylvania State University
Sulin Zhang: Pennsylvania State University
Chongmin Wang: Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Yunfeng Lu: The University of California
Mei Cai: Gereral Motors Research and Development Center

Nature Communications, 2015, vol. 6, issue 1, 1-8

Abstract: Abstract Silicon has been identified as a highly promising anode for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The key challenge for Si anodes is large volume change during the lithiation/delithiation cycle that results in chemomechanical degradation and subsequent rapid capacity fading. Here we report a novel fabrication method for hierarchically porous Si nanospheres (hp-SiNSs), which consist of a porous shell and a hollow core. On charge/discharge cycling, the hp-SiNSs accommodate the volume change through reversible inward Li breathing with negligible particle-level outward expansion. Our mechanics analysis revealed that such inward expansion is enabled by the much stiffer lithiated layer than the unlithiated porous layer. LIBs assembled with the hp-SiNSs exhibit high capacity, high power and long cycle life, which is superior to the current commercial Si-based anode materials. The low-cost synthesis approach provides a new avenue for the rational design of hierarchically porous structures with unique materials properties.

Date: 2015
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DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9844

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