Genetic and mechanistic basis for APOBEC3H alternative splicing, retrovirus restriction, and counteraction by HIV-1 protease

Diako Ebrahimi, Christopher M. Richards, Michael A. Carpenter, Jiayi Wang, Terumasa Ikeda, Jordan T. Becker, Adam Z. Cheng, Jennifer L. McCann, Nadine M. Shaban, Daniel J. Salamango, Gabriel J. Starrett, Jairam R. Lingappa, Jeongsik Yong, William L. Brown and Reuben S. Harris ()
Additional contact information
Diako Ebrahimi: University of Minnesota
Christopher M. Richards: University of Minnesota
Michael A. Carpenter: University of Minnesota
Jiayi Wang: University of Minnesota
Terumasa Ikeda: University of Minnesota
Jordan T. Becker: University of Minnesota
Adam Z. Cheng: University of Minnesota
Jennifer L. McCann: University of Minnesota
Nadine M. Shaban: University of Minnesota
Daniel J. Salamango: University of Minnesota
Gabriel J. Starrett: University of Minnesota
Jairam R. Lingappa: University of Washington
Jeongsik Yong: University of Minnesota
William L. Brown: University of Minnesota
Reuben S. Harris: University of Minnesota

Nature Communications, 2018, vol. 9, issue 1, 1-11

Abstract: Abstract Human APOBEC3H (A3H) is a single-stranded DNA cytosine deaminase that inhibits HIV-1. Seven haplotypes (I–VII) and four splice variants (SV154/182/183/200) with differing antiviral activities and geographic distributions have been described, but the genetic and mechanistic basis for variant expression and function remains unclear. Using a combined bioinformatic/experimental analysis, we find that SV200 expression is specific to haplotype II, which is primarily found in sub-Saharan Africa. The underlying genetic mechanism for differential mRNA splicing is an ancient intronic deletion [del(ctc)] within A3H haplotype II sequence. We show that SV200 is at least fourfold more HIV-1 restrictive than other A3H splice variants. To counteract this elevated antiviral activity, HIV-1 protease cleaves SV200 into a shorter, less restrictive isoform. Our analyses indicate that, in addition to Vif-mediated degradation, HIV-1 may use protease as a counter-defense mechanism against A3H in >80% of sub-Saharan African populations.

Date: 2018
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06594-3

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