Quantum advantage for probabilistic one-time programs

Marie-Christine Roehsner (), Joshua A. Kettlewell, Tiago B. Batalhão, Joseph F. Fitzsimons () and Philip Walther ()
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Marie-Christine Roehsner: University of Vienna
Joshua A. Kettlewell: Singapore University of Technology and Design
Tiago B. Batalhão: University of Vienna
Joseph F. Fitzsimons: Singapore University of Technology and Design
Philip Walther: University of Vienna

Nature Communications, 2018, vol. 9, issue 1, 1-8

Abstract: Abstract One-time programs, computer programs which self-destruct after being run only once, are a powerful building block in cryptography and would allow for new forms of secure software distribution. However, ideal one-time programs have been proved to be unachievable using either classical or quantum resources. Here we relax the definition of one-time programs to allow some probability of error in the output and show that quantum mechanics offers security advantages over purely classical resources. We introduce a scheme for encoding probabilistic one-time programs as quantum states with prescribed measurement settings, explore their security, and experimentally demonstrate various one-time programs using measurements on single-photon states. These include classical logic gates, a program to solve Yao’s millionaires problem, and a one-time delegation of a digital signature. By combining quantum and classical technology, we demonstrate that quantum techniques can enhance computing capabilities even before full-scale quantum computers are available.

Date: 2018
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07591-2

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